Becoming A Psychologist And Studying Psychology - 1468 Words

My first and most set career I am planning on pursuing in the future is a psychologist. For the longest time, I have had my mind set on becoming a psychologist and studying psychology as much as I can in the future. For those who don’t know or aren’t very informed on it, a psychologist is someone that evaluates and studies human behavior and all mental processes, such as emotional, cognitive, and social processes. Usually, they study this through observing and recording how individuals relate to one another and their environments. Psychologists don’t only study single people at a time, but groups of people as well. There is not only one type of psychologist, but about 56 divisions of psychology and psychologists. The most well known branches of psychology, which are ones I am interested in entering, are clinical psychologists and/or counseling psychologists, which study and diagnose mental disorders on people. As stated there are others, such as army psychologist s, children psychologists, health psychologist, etc. which are all seemingly self explanatory, but this doesn’t go for every branch. On average, though, last checked in May of 2012, the median pay for psychologists is about $69,280 dollars a year, earning them about $33.31 dollars an hour. Although depending on how well known, who you work for, and what branch of psychology you are in, this could change; this is just an average of what most do earn. In the United States, we have about 170,200 psychologist jobs,Show MoreRelatedReflection Paper On Psychology And Psychology1135 Words   |  5 Pagesmy final project, I interviewed a professional with PhD in Psychology. However, the person I interviewed did not pursue a psychology job afterwards. Instead, he decided to pursue a job in the IT technological field. Throughout the interview, I asked questions about the hardships and dedication towards the Psychology field. Before summarizing the interview, I also decided to ask my Au nt, who graduated with her Bachelor s degree in Psychology in Minnesota State University, Mankato. During the interviewRead MoreMy Paper On Is Educational Psychology1545 Words   |  7 Pages The topic pertinent to psychology that i chose to do my paper on is educational psychology. Educational psychology is the study of how humans learn and retain knowledge, primarily in educational settings like classrooms. This branch not only involves just the learning process of early childhood and adolescence but it also involves the social, emotional, and cognitive learning processes that are involved in humans throughout their entire lifespan. Educational psychology combines numerous amountsRead MorePsychologist B.F. Skinner was born March 20, 1904 and passed away August 18, 1990. Raised in a1100 Words   |  5 Pages Psychologist B.F. Skinner was born March 20, 1904 and passed away August 18, 1990. Raised in a small town in Pennsylvania by his father William who was a lawyer and his mother Grace. Skinner had a younger brother who he watched die at age sixteen due to cerebral hemorrhage. He attended Hamilton College in New York with plans of becoming a writer. After graduating with his B.A. in English literature he attended Harvard University. Here Skinner invented his prototype for the Skinner box. After GraduatingRead MorePsychology : Psychology And Psychology1703 Words   |  7 PagesPsychology has a lot of jobs to choose from.Any job in psychology is going to be involved helping people. Trying to find out why people do the things they do and trying to predict the behavior of people, their emotions, and mental processes. Making sure your child or any person you care about is okay mentally, is important and is the job of people who work in a major in psychology. For this paper, the roles of a psychiatrist, a counselor, and a psychologist will be discussed. The audience will learnRead MorePractitioner Model versus Practitioner-Model and its Impact on My Professional Development1143 Words   |  5 Pagesprofessional goals of working as a consultant. Understanding the distinction between scholar, practitioner, scholar-practitioner and practitioner-scholar all are instrumental in my ability to create a plan to becoming a practitioner-scholar. Focusing on the history of psychology, becoming an effective researcher and forming invaluable communication skills laid the groundwork for having a successful career as a practitioner-scholar. Although, I do not feel I am either a scholar practitioner orRead MoreEssay on Choosing Psychology as a Career1558 Words   |  7 Pages Psychology is the study of the mind, its biology, and behavior if the individual. The father of psychology, Wilhelm Wundt, used objective measurement and controlled analyzing to find and emphasize separation between psychology and philosophy (McLeod). Wundt opened the Institute for Experimental Psychology at the University of Leipzig in Germany in 1879, using his background in physiology to study reactions and sensations (McLeod). There is no doubt that he, along with the later help of SigmundRead MoreExploring Psychology Careers Essay1100 Words   |  5 PagesExploring Psychology Careers Destiny Brotherton PSY 305 May 4, 2015 Dr. Jon Stern Exploring Psychology Careers Although there is an inordinate amount of diverse types and areas of specialization in psychology, such as Clinical Neuropsychology and School Psychology, the overall idea is the study and research of the human mind and behavior. Psychology is known to aid those who suffer from a variety of mental illnesses while also helping people to comprehend better the mind and how exactly theRead MorePersonal Statement on Psychology780 Words   |  3 PagesI have always been interested in the way people act and what affects their behaviour in social situations. From studying psychology at A-level this passion and fascination has grown so much so that I now want to complete a degree in psychology to further my knowledge into human behaviour and what motivates a person to show this behaviour. From studying Piliavin during my A-level course I learnt about the ‘diffusion of responsibility’ which helped me understand why people are lacking in motivationRead MoreThe Role Of A School Psy chologist1659 Words   |  7 Pagesa school psychologist is of upmost importance. In the past, the role of the school psychologist has been solely to work with mentally challenged children. However, with the constantly changing demands that schools are facing, school psychology has broadened the field by transitioning from working with students individually to putting more focus into evidence-based work with families, classrooms, home-school partnerships, consultation and etc. (cite). The role of a school psychologist includes workingRead MoreReporting Studying senior social science subjects was the most influential factor which provided a1600 Words   |  7 PagesReporting Studying senior social science subjects was the most influential factor which provided a wonderful opportunity to discover my abilities and develop skills and confidence in critical thinking and systematic research processes. Especially, getting an A+ for a psychology report assignment and genuinely enjoying the process have given me a sense of competence in performing similar tasks such as planning and conducting experiments, analysing results, and evaluating research processes. After

Kill A Mockingbird By Harper Lee - 3038 Words

Through the Glass What does it mean to tear apart our past for the sake of a new beginning? The answer is simple, really. It means to look through a new pair of glasses, ones that are not scratched and foggy, in order to see the world clearly. Abandon the wrongs that have plagued society and strive instead for peace and equality. The novel To Kill A Mockingbird, written by Harper Lee, took place during the Civil Rights Movement In the 1930’s. At the time, a lot of racism and prejudice was integrated into life as blacks became segregated from whites. Various stereotypes were formed, such as saying that blacks were dangerous, liars, and perverts, lusting for white women. In addition, they had entirely separate drinking fountains, restrooms,†¦show more content†¦Both Jem and Scout question these narrow mindsets of the people in Maycomb and whether or not it is acceptable to judge people right from the start. Slowly, Jem and Scout choose to adapt to their father, Atticus’s, noble wa ys of thinking to not judge people on rumors and appearances. In To Kill a Mockingbird, Harper Lee, addresses the social inequity by showing the readers that it is important to look past differences in race, reputation, and isolation and look at one another through pure, fair, and understanding eyes; only then can we finally realize what makes us equal to each other in our hearts. We should see each other for who we really are instead of believing rumors and by doing this, create a more fair society to overcome prejudice. During chapter 12 of the story, Scout and Jem go to an African American church for the first time with their maid Calpurnia. Calpurnia lives with the Finch family at home and often acts as an influence for Scout and Jem to be more open-minded as they become more exposed to racism. When they leave the church later that day, Scout asks Calpurnia why she acts so polite around whites but talks in â€Å"her nigger-talk† when she is around other colored people. Calpurnia explains to them that often times, racism inhibits black people from expressing their true emotions: Suppose you and Scout talked

Ricky Watt’s Marketing Plan Free Essays

1. Evaluate the promotion objectives Rick Wyatt should include in his plan: These following promotion objectives below should include in Rick’s plan: . To increase the number of volunteers to give back to communities . We will write a custom essay sample on Ricky Watt’s Marketing Plan or any similar topic only for you Order Now To create an enjoyable working environment to keep the volunteer serving the communities longer . To have extensive diversified trainings so volunteers and members can be aware of what they’re doing . To let the volunteers know they’re respected and are recognized and are safe 2. What promotion methods should he use to achieve those objectives? In order to achieve these objectives, Rick should do the following steps below: . To put ads in the local papers, banner/signs, radio broadcasts, flyers, posters, word of mouth, or walk house to house to advertise the volunteer are always welcome and needed . To have a short 10 minute videorun on the county public safety cable channel that will show the many operations provided by volunteers plus a video to show that what the Fire Department work and give back to communities . To do fund-raisings to bring capitals so the Fire Department can use these capitals to expand the Department and to award the volunteers . Don’t restrict volunteers to be firefighters. Volunteer can do in different levels of medical response/support; rehab roles; and support roles. This method allows the Fire Department to bring on a wider range of people, and they all fill a vital role . Develop and use a formal awards program such as certificates, dinner coupon to let the volunteers know their works are recognized and are respected    . A clear communication keeps firefighters  feeling as though they are important to the organization and the service’s mission . To have a department-wide picnic in the summer or holiday dinner to bring volunteer and their families together . To connect and offer introductory class with Red Cross meetings or classes, blood drives, food banks, and basic community service places to find the best candidates . To have gym, coffee rooms, entertainment areas in the Fire Department that can bring all members together, to keep members in shape, to create an enjoyable working environment How to cite Ricky Watt’s Marketing Plan, Papers

Sustainable and Strategic Accounting - MyAssignmenthelp.com

Questions: 1. Discuss aboutthe Strategic and Knowledge Management. 2. Discuss about the Product Mix. 3. Discuss about the Linear Programming. Answers: Answer 1 This question has tried to recognise and explain the environmental and the social concerns that are in relation to the operational activities of Premier Investment. Premier Investment is a retail organization which concentrates on providing the exclusive garments to their customers in the countries where they operate. Each and every organization has their own strategies and every one of them constructs their social and environmental strategies with respect to the concerns that are associated with them. Premier Investment have identified that environmental concerns has been looking at the environment of the country and eco-system where the organization operates. The other environmental issue has been proper utilisation and incineration of the wastes that have been obtained from the manufacturing process of Premier Investment (Home - Premier Investments 2017). The social concerns that the company has tried to recognise has been gaining knowledge about the changing trends and the tastes and preferences of the consumers. The organization needs to analyse the market from time to time so that the changes in the market can be understood and several strategies can be undertaken in order to mitigate the social concerns. In relation to the operational activities of the company, the three objectives that are associated with the business sustainability commitments of Premier Investment has been to look at the looking at the people associated with the organization. There are a variety of individuals who are related to the operational functions of the company as an employee, stakeholder or as a customer and therefore effective measures can be taken in order keep them satisfied and happy so that they remain associated with the company for a long time (Crane, Matten 2014). The next business sustainability objective has been to understand and look after the communities that are related to Premier Investment organizations. The company tries to look into the communities in order to gain knowledge about their desires and then looks to develop plans and strategies that would be influential for the manufacturing of the products desired by the communities and assisting in the development of the organization and the community (Grob, Benn 2014). The third objective has been looking at the environment of the area where the company thereby understanding the problems that are prevalent so that effective performance measures can be taken in order to rectify the matter. The three objectives that are related to ethical sourcing of Premier Investment has been developing the sourcing framework and models that would be constructed in accordance to the policies and the principles. The next ethical objective has been framing the assurance and promoting them to among the employees and the environment where the company operates so that ethical processes are maintained (Perry et al., 2015). The third objective has been establishment of the ethical raw material procurement so that the products produced and the raw materials used are of ethical and are of good quality so that the customers feel satisfied. The two measures that could be made in order to measure the progress of the organizations for the accomplishment of the objectives has been given below with the help of the table. Dimension Objective Possible Performance Measures Business Sustainability 1.People 1. Initiatives for retention and attraction of the existing and potential employees and customers. 2. Measuring the workplace security and keeping personnel to manage and supervise the workplace environment 2.Community 1.Keeping relationship with the Smiggle Community Partnerships 2.Maintaining relationship with PAW JUSTICE 3.Environment 1.Looking after the waste and recycling of the wastes generated during the process manufacturing 2. Making sure that the energy is used effectively. Ethical Sourcing 1. Constructing sourcing models with the help of policies and principles 1. Assessing the effectiveness of the models with the help of survey from the stakeholders and the customers. 2. Assessing the models and comparing with the ethics constructed internationally. 2. Establishing and promoting the assurance 1.Comparing the assurance with the assurance set by the rival companies 2. Frequent analysis and the review of the assurance so that changes can be undertaken 3. Ethical Raw Material procurement 1.Checking the raw material before purchasing 2. Establishing good relation with the supplier. Answer 2 Particulars Amount Particulars With Spare Capacity Without Spare Capacity Direct Material per kg. $10 Transfer Price $24.70 $40 Direct Labour per kg. $5 Variable Overhead per kg. $3 Fixed Overhead per kg. $1 Total Cost per kg. $19 Add: Mark-Up 30% Transfer Price per kg. $24.70 Answer 3 Period Particulars 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Initial Investment ($1,650,000) Annual Cash Flow: Service Charges per customer $0 $35 $35 $35 $35 $35 $35 $35 Nos. of Customers 0 35000 38500 42350 46585 51244 56368 62005 Service Revenue $0 $1,225,000 $1,347,500 $1,482,250 $1,630,475 $1,793,523 $1,972,875 $2,170,162 Increase in Sales of Jeans $0 $550,000 $616,000 $689,920 $772,710 $865,436 $969,288 $1,085,602 Total Incremental Revenue $0 $1,775,000 $1,963,500 $2,172,170 $2,403,185 $2,658,958 $2,942,163 $3,255,765 Cost of Sales of Jeans $0 ($330,000) ($369,600) ($413,952) ($463,626) ($519,261) ($581,573) ($651,361) Staff Costs $0 ($900,000) ($954,000) ($1,011,240) ($1,071,914) ($1,136,229) ($1,204,403) ($1,276,667) Material Costs $0 ($210,000) ($222,600) ($235,956) ($250,113) ($265,120) ($281,027) ($297,889) Marketing Costs $0 ($46,000) ($48,760) ($51,686) ($54,787) ($58,074) ($61,558) ($65,252) Other Costs $0 ($25,000) ($26,500) ($28,090) ($29,775) ($31,562) ($33,456) ($35,463) Depreciation Expenses $0 ($235,714) ($235,714) ($235,714) ($235,714) ($235,714) ($235,714) ($235,714) Net Profit before Tax $0 $28,286 $106,326 $195,532 $297,255 $412,997 $544,431 $693,418 Less: Tax Expenses $0 ($8,486) ($31,898) ($58,660) ($89,176) ($123,899) ($163,329) ($208,025) Annual after Tax Profit $0 $19,800 $74,428 $136,872 $208,078 $289,098 $381,102 $485,393 Add: Depreciation Expenses $0 $235,714 $235,714 $235,714 $235,714 $235,714 $235,714 $235,714 Annual after Tax Cash Flow $0 $255,514 $310,142 $372,587 $443,793 $524,812 $616,816 $721,107 Net Cash Flow ($1,650,000) $255,514 $310,142 $372,587 $443,793 $524,812 $616,816 $721,107 Cumulative Cash Flow ($1,650,000) ($1,394,486) ($1,084,343) ($711,757) ($267,964) $256,848 $873,665 $1,594,771 Payback Period 4.51 Discount Rate 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% Discounted Cash Flow ($1,650,000) $212,929 $215,377 $215,617 $214,020 $210,910 $206,570 $201,248 Net Present Value ($173,329) IRR 16.729% Average Annual after Tax Profit $463,539 ARR 28.09% Required Rate of Return Particulars 12% 16% 20% NPV $309,102 $42,747 ($173,329) Payback Period 4.51 4.51 4.51 ARR 28.09% 28.09% 28.09% The recommendation that can be given to Just Jeans is that they should go on with the proposal and the new recommendation has various aspects that would reduce the level of sensitivity with respect to the financial impact of the new capital investment. Reference Bocken, N. M. P., Short, S. W., Rana, P., Evans, S. (2014). A literature and practice review to develop sustainable business model archetypes.Journal of cleaner production,65, 42-56. Chen, J. Y., Slotnick, S. A. (2015). Supply chain disclosure and ethical sourcing.International Journal of Production Economics,161, 17-30. Chkanikova, O., Mont, O. (2015). Corporate supply chain responsibility: drivers and barriers for sustainable food retailing.Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management,22(2), 65-82. Crane, A., Matten, D. (2016).Business ethics: Managing corporate citizenship and sustainability in the age of globalization. Oxford University Press. Epstein, M. J., Buhovac, A. R. (2014).Making sustainability work: Best practices in managing and measuring corporate social, environmental, and economic impacts. Berrett-Koehler Publishers. Grob, S., Benn, S. (2014). Conceptualising the adoption of sustainable procurement: an institutional theory perspective.Australasian journal of environmental management,21(1), 11-21. Home - Premier Investments. (2017). Premier Investments. Retrieved 15 September 2017, from https://www.premierinvestments.com.au Kim, S., Colicchia, C., Menachof, D. (2016). Ethical sourcing: An analysis of the literature and implications for future research.Journal of Business Ethics, 1-20. Kolk, A. (2016). The social responsibility of international business: From ethics and the environment to CSR and sustainable development.Journal of World Business,51(1), 23-34. Lund-Thomsen, P., Lindgreen, A. (2014). Corporate social responsibility in global value chains: Where are we now and where are we going?.Journal of Business Ethics,123(1), 11-22. Perry, P., Wood, S., Fernie, J. (2015). Corporate social responsibility in garment sourcing networks: Factory management perspectives on ethical trade in Sri Lanka.Journal of Business Ethics,130(3), 737-752. Quarshie, A. M., Salmi, A., Leuschner, R. (2016). Sustainability and corporate social responsibility in supply chains: The state of research in supply chain management and business ethics journals.Journal of Purchasing and Supply Management,22(2), 82-97. Turker, D., Altuntas, C. (2014). Sustainable supply chain management in the fast fashion industry: An analysis of corporate reports.European Management Journal,32(5), 837-849. Zorzini, M., Hendry, L. C., Huq, F. A., Stevenson, M. (2015). Socially responsible sourcing: reviewing the literature and its use of theory.International Journal of Operations Production Management,35(1), 60-109.

Never back down free essay sample

As a society, we recognize a wide variety of disabilities. Over the years people who have them have been called many things from disabled to handicapped and today are more often identified as challenged. Some of these medical conditions are detected and others are not, but nearly every person in his, or her, life will deal with one personally, or will know someone who does. Dyslexia is one that is very common and one that many people do not understand. Those who understand it best have had to deal with it themselves because it can be unique to each person that is diagnosed. Being diagnosed at the age of nine, and through my struggles I have learned a lot about this common condition. I believe the areas where people struggle most is when we are faced with the most difficult challenge that makes us have to search deep within ourselves to determine if we want to overcome what seems like an impossible situation. We will write a custom essay sample on Never back down or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It is as if a concrete wall has been constructed in the in the middle of the road we are going down. When this happens we can choose to back down from the fight of getting past it by turning and running, or you can take the bull by the horns and face the obstacle head on by climbing over or smashing through that concrete wall to keep going down the road to where you eventually find your dreams. Since I was very young I have dreamed about going to play football at a Division I University. The first step to get into a University is to have a great education and good grades from your high school. Several years ago, this situation caused a concrete wall to get dropped onto the road that my dreams are on. When I started school in the first grade, I was the best in my class in Math, but I never did well on the reading and writing, and it was not because of a lack of effort, because I tried very hard. I went through my first and second grades struggles, having to put at least twice as much time and effort as anyone else in my class to try to figure out how to correctly read and write. When I got into third grade, my parents finally had enough of dealing with my frustrations that I was tested for dyslexia at Scottish Rite Children Hospital in Dallas. The test came back positive that not only was I dyslexic, but that my case was more severe than most other cases. The doctors at the hospital said that the results proved that my disability was the reason for my struggles in reading and writing, and recommended that for my dyslexia I would require some classroom modifications that would help me in the classroom as well as some specific training. I was immediately put into a dyslexia program outside of my regular class which I did not care for. I did not care for it because I had to read and write even more then I already had to do in my class. I had to use an overlay on my papers, I spent many extra hours having assignments read out loud to me, I was assigned a peer tutor to help me, I was taught by a dyslexic coordinator how to understand how my brain processed information, and eventually I developed an ability to learn outside of reading which takes twice as long as most students. It took me a long time to realize that this program was the only way for me to be able to continue on my path to be able to reach my dreams. Once I figured out that the class was the only way to get me in the best situation to prepare and get into college, I took my class very serious, and my dedication to my reading and writing increased more than ever before, because I was determined to overcome any and all obstacles that would stand in my way , or in the middle of the road I was choosing to go down. I eventually graduated from the dyslexia program when I finished six grade, and I took on the challenge to make all A’s through middle school. I was able to make all A’s through middle school with a lot of hard work, and I continued to keep pushing on by trying to get the best grade out of anyone in my class even being dyslexic as I continued into high school. After my freshman year I was in the top ten percent of my class. I carried a grade point average of over 4.0. I kept my class rank through my sophomore year by finishing 18th in my class and having a 4.16 GPA. I am continuing my efforts which are resulting in maintaining my high expectation, although because I moved to a school that is much more demanding academically has presented me with an even bigger challenge due to my modifications being removed. My journey to this point would have been impossible without all of my hard work into my dyslexia program back when I was going up, and without my commitment to nev er back down I would have never been in the top 10 percent. In many circumstances throughout our life we will be faced with difficult moments and situations that may discourage us from pressing forward and continuing down the road we are on. I believe that dedication and determination will help us all overcome those challenges when they jump in front of you, and the desire to keep your eyes focused on your dreams is very important. I have applied this philosophy to all that I do, and I have learned to never back down from even the most difficult challenge. Life is a journey, and nobody said it was going to be easy.

Motivational Theories and Organizational Performance Relations

Motivational Theories and Organizational Performance Relations Introduction Remuneration and reward of employees are some of the ways that can be used to retain employees. By reward we mean that the efforts of the employee are recognized. Singling out and rewarding workers inspires them to look for ways of undertaking their tasks effectively and lack of it can completely dishearten them. A reward system has to be effective and able to instil the desired behaviour for efficient performance.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Motivational Theories and Organizational Performance Relations specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The reward system can either use financial mechanism or non-financial. People need to be encouraged and appreciated in order to achieve their mission and that of others. Motivation is the act of encouraging someone to carry out a task better than he intended to. It is common for employees to take up jobs because of the motivation they get. Failure to motivate employee s may result in poor performance of a company. There are generally many forms of motivation, for instance, some employees are motivated by the challenges they encounter while carrying out their tasks, others are motivated by the attention they attract, while majority are motivated by the amount of money they expect to earn. The last factor plays a great role in the success of every person, most people stay in jobs because of the pay scale, the incentives, and rewards they get from their employer. This paper will look at some motivational theories as it tries to relate them with an organizational performance. Equity Theory Equity theory is one of the theories of motivation. It is used to describe the relationship between employees and the motivation they get to work hard and their perception about fair treatment in the work place. For a long time, employers have considered their employees as just inputs to be used for the production of goods and services. However, this perception is gradually fading as employers get more and more enlightened about motivating their employees. From research, it is clear that, employees are not only motivated by money, but also their attitudes. The equity theory was first developed by John Adams in early 1963. Adams was a behavioural psychologist who held that, employees are always seeking for equity between the outcomes they get out of their efforts and the inputs they bring into a company.Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More An employee inputs are the positive contribution he makes for the betterment of an organization including the work he does, his skills, behaviour, and experience while outcomes are the rewards he gets out of his hard work, this may be in the form of appreciation, promotion, incentives, salary rise, to name but a few (Jonathan 650). Fair treatment is a virtue that motivates employees to work hard for an organization and also to maintain a good working environment with their co-workers. When employees perceive themselves as being over or under rewarded, they may experience distress which may cause the organization to bring back equity in the relationship. Equity can be computed in terms of individual employee’s contribution and the accrued benefits (Anon. â€Å"Adams’ Equity theory† 2). This means that, the partner who contributes less (in terms of investment, or other financial resources) receives fewer benefits (in terms of financial rewards, love, or financial security). Lack of equity, in the form of underpayment may provoke anger whereas overpayment results in guilt. The major point of concern is the pecuniary reward received (whether in the form of wages or salary) and it is thus the central cause of equity or lack of the same (Diefendorff 489). When an employee feels that his contributions are not recognized in terms of pay, he tends to become hostile tow ards the organization and his performance drops. He no longer works to boost the performance of the organization but just to maintain his job position. This is when employees starts taking sick leaves or searching for other jobs. Having realized this, all organization should give priority to employee satisfaction since they are the ones responsible for its success (Denise 20). Expectancy Theory According to Taylor (117), the expectancy theory is concerned with the mental processes that an employee goes through before making a choice. It tries to describe the relation between rewards and performance. Employees perceive that they should be given rewards that consummate with their organizational performance.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Motivational Theories and Organizational Performance Relations specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It is a form of organizational behaviour that holds that, employees are likely to perf orm better if they perceive their rewards to be high. This motivation theory was proposed by Victor Vroom, a management specialist in Yale. It predicts that, majority of employees will seem to be motivated if they suppose that the reward they expect to get is directly proportional to the work done, and if they value the rewards expected from the organization (Swamson 6). This theory emphasizes on the need to base reward on an individual’s performance. These rewards should be able to offset the work done by the employees. It is only through this considerate rewarding that employees are motivated to work even harder because they expect the rewards to rise as their performance rises. Expectancy theory can also be used to describe employee’s behaviour in the work place. If an employee is not well competent in a given area, no reward mechanism can motivate him to perform better. It is therefore important for all organizations to consider the individuals’ personal fac tors before deciding which reward mechanism to use on them. This is because, an organization may increase the expected rewards for a particular employee as a way of motivating him to work harder but, if the respective employee does not possess the qualities needed for the job; the increase in rewards will not result in comparable improvement in performance (Lawrence 190). According to Vroom, there are three variables in the theory of expectancy, these are: Expectancy denoted as E, Valance (V), and instrumentality (I). Expectancy is the belief held by an employee that a specific action will result in a given level of outcome, valance can be defined as the strength of an individual towards achieving a preferred outcome (Smith and Mazin 60). This valance has to be positive if the individual expects to achieve the preferred outcome. On the other hand, instrumentality can be defined as the extent to which the achievement of first level outcomes determines the achievement of the second le vel.Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More All these factors describe the relationship between employee’s behaviour and the level of expected outcome. The higher the level of outcome, the better the behaviour of employees and the reverse is true (Richard 243). Maslow’s hierarchy of needs theory Abraham Maslow (a researcher), explored the connection between reward and motivation and came up with a theory called Maslow’s hierarchy of need. Maslow discovered that human beings have different types of needs that they want to be met. They include; basic needs security, self esteem, self actualization, and group needs. To fulfil these needs, sets of motivating rewards have to be used. Some of the basic needs can be fulfilled through provision of good standards of living by means of honest pay structures (Anon. â€Å"Human needs and rewards† 1). Provision of secure working environment coupled with training on safety and health issues can assist in meeting the security needs of the employees. On the other hand, reward systems on job promotion based on employee’s efforts, skills, and experience can help in raising their self esteem and meet the needs that come with it. Employees’ team working groups that are well structured with good communication help in fulfilling the group needs. Self actualization needs can be fulfilled by encouraging employee developments by use of appraisal tool where employees gauge their performance. The HRM should use a reward system that helps in meeting most of employees’ needs. This will encourage employees and motivate them to work harder to achieve the organizations goals and objectives. Herzberg’s Two-Factor Theory of Motivation Herzberg’s two factor theory was developed after carrying out an interview among 203 American employees. Each employee was asked whether they were satisfied in any of the jobs they had taken. They all gave some positive and negative sides of each job and commented that, one is faced with differ ent challenges when he changes the work environment. Herzberg wanted to know whether there are other factors for employee satisfaction other than rewards (Storey 61). He found out that, employees are normally satisfied (or dissatisfied) with their job because of the motivators put in place (such as recognition). There are other factors called hygiene factors (such as job security, salary, and other benefits) which do not give positive satisfaction although their absence normally results in employee dissatisfaction. Motivation factors are used to motivate employees to work harder for better performance whereas hygiene factors are necessary in ensuring that an employee does not get dissatisfied with the work done. They are merely put in place to provide a favourable atmosphere for the employees but do not necessary motivate them to work. However, both factors have to be present if an organization has to perform well in the ever changing global market (Bohlander 40). Motivational Theor ies at Belcher limited The boss of Belcher Limited, Mr. Smith, did not use any of the motivational theories discussed above. For instance, Miss Emily was not given a fair salary merit. She had made a lot of contributions in her first year of employment which was not given recognition. Mr. Smith did not even approve some of her ideas and gave no explanation for the decline. This disheartened Emily and discouraged her from coming out with new ideas. It is clear that, Mr. Smith did not use the equity theory of motivation; all the employees in the accounts department were given equal salary merit (6 percent) irrespective of the contribution they had made in the company. To make it worse, one of the employees (who had been hired recently) got the highest salary merit (10 percent) simply because he was a favourite of the boss. We have seen that, the kind of reward given to any employee should be equivalent to the contributions made since this is one of the ways of motivating employees. Gi ving the new employee a ten percent salary merit did not only discourage the others, but also was not a prudent move on the part of the company. This is because reward scheme should be positively related to the work done, individual’s experience, and skills. Expectancy theory suggests that, employees make choices on how to work depending on the reward they expect to get at the end of the day. If an employee is assured of getting a higher reward for the efforts he put, then there is a likelihood of him performing better (Likert 80). However, this is not the case at Belcher limited, the reward system seems to be static and is not influenced by individual performance. Emily received the same salary merit as all the other employees although her performance was far above the others. This discouraged her and she was not even sure of what to expect in her second year of employment. This changed her organizational behaviour and general perspective of her work, she choose to take few days sick leave even though she was not sick. She even declined from giving more ideas to the company and chose to remain silent just like the others. This is a clear indication that, if an organization wants to succeed, it must recognize and reward the efforts of the work force, failure to do so results in poor performance which in turn lowers production of the organization (Halepota 18). Emily was satisfied with her job not because of the motivation it gave her, but because of the hygiene factors. She was assured of a fixed salary, job security, and other benefits including sick leave. She just enjoyed working like the others, making friends, taking some time off but was not motivated to put an extra effort. She even started looking for another job where she could get the motivation she needed because she knew that, she had a lot of potential that needed some recognition and motivation. If Belcher wants to retain its employees, it has to use all the motivation theories discussed a bove. As the employees meet the organization’s expectations, it is important for the organization to realize that the employees also have their targets that they want to be met. The employee must be appraised appropriately to enable the human resources department recognize the areas that need to be improved (Bratton and Gold 100). Those who have attained the expectations of the management should be rewarded accordingly Conclusion Few are the times when supervisors recommend employees for any task well done. They forget that employees are normal beings who feel good if appreciated. Research has proved that, recognition and praise from supervisors and managers is one of the most important reward mechanism for motivating employees. Employees feel motivated when their contribution to the organization is noticed and appreciated. Supervisors should recognize the value of employees in the organization and the importance of thanking them either through writing or verbally for their p recise contributions. Anonymous. Human needs and rewards. Web. Anonymous. Adams’ Equity theory. Balancing employee inputs and outputs. Web. https://www.mindtools.com/pages/article/newLDR_96.htm Bohlander, George Snell, Scott. Managing Human Resources. London: Cengage Learning, 2009. Bratton, John and Gold, Jeffrey. Human Resource Management: Theory and Practice. London: Routledge, 2001. Denise, Weiss. Motivational interventions and their effect on corporate performance. University of South Alabama, January 2005. Database: ABI/INFORM complete. Diefendorff, James M. Motivational traits. Encyclopaedia of industrial and organizational psychology, January 2007, Vol. 2 p489-492. Halepota, Hassan Ali. Motivational theories and their application in construction. Cost engineering, March 2005, Vol. 47 Issue 3, p14-18. Jonathan, Klein. Feasibility Theory: A resource-munificence model of work motivation and behaviour. Academy of management Review, October 1990, Vol. 15 Issue 4 p646-665 . Lawrence Walker, R. beyond Expectancy theory: An integrative motivational model from health care. Academy of Management Review April 1982, Vol. 7 Issue 2, p187-194. Likert, Rensis. Motivational Approach to management development. Harvard Business Review, July 2009, Vol. 37 Issue 4 p75-82. Richard, Oliver. Expectancy theory predictions of salesmen’s performance. Journal of marketing research (JMR), August 1994, Vol. 11 Issue, p243-253. Storey, John. New perspectives on human resource management. London: Cengage Learning EMEA, 1998. Swamson, Richard. Foundations of Human Resource Development: Easy read Large Edition. San Francisco: ReadHowYouWant.com, 2009. Smith, A. Shawn and Mazin, A. Rebecca. The HR answer book: an indispensable guide for managers and human resources professionals. New York: Amacom Div American Mgmt Assn, 2004. Taylor, Michael. Employee recognition schemes- do they work? China Staff. June 2008, Vol. 14 Issue 6 p117.

Analysis of the Nation of Brazil and Its Classification as A Developed Nation or Not

Analysis of the Nation of Brazil and Its Classification as A Developed Nation or Not In this project I have collected, analysed and evaluated evidence to help me to decide whether Brazil is a developed country or a developing country. Introduction to Brazil Brazil is the largest and most influential country in South America with a population of about 176 million, which is greater than the combined total for the whole of the rest of the continent. Brazil takes up almost half of South America. The 6,448km long Amazon River runs through the North of Brazil and is the second largest in the world, and the Amazon Basin is the largest River Basin the world. The River and over a thousand tributaries drain an area of 6,150,000km and carry one fifth of the worlds fresh water out to sea. In the North East, Brazil has arid deserts with rolling grasslands in the South. The Amazonian Rainforest covers more than one third of Brazil and its exploitation has become a major environmental worry. Brazil borders the Atlantic Ocean down the eastern side with the following countries bordering the North and West: French Guiana; Suriname; Guyana; Venezuela; Columbia; Peru; Bolivia; Paraguay; Argentina; and Uruguay. Brazil lies between 5 North and 30 South of the Equator. So, it is possible to stand with one leg in the Northern Hemisphere and the other in the Southern Hemisphere! The Equator, therefore, runs through the extreme North of Brazil with Macap and the Mouths of the Amazon on its line. Brazils correct title is The Federal Republic of Brazil and its 26 states are administered from its capital, Bras, which was purpose built and now has a population of between 1 and 1.9 million people. However, S Paulo has 17 million inhabitants. (See population map). The highest point in Brazil is Pico da Neblina which is 3014m (9,888 ft) above sea level. Brazils main language is Portuguese and its main religion is Catholic Christianity. Brazilian society is a vibrant, diverse mix of cultures. Brazils share of the Amazon basin, occupying half of the country, has a model equatorial climate. The 150-200cm (59-79 inches) of rain are spread throughout the year, although some periods are rather wetter than others according to the region. (See rainfall map) Temperatures are high, with almost no seasonal variation, but scarcely ever rise above 38 (100). The Brazilian plateau, which occupies most of the rest of the country, has far greater temperature ranges. Rain falls mainly between October and April. However, the Northeast, the least productive region of Brazil, is very dry and in past years has been suffering from severe drought, which compounded its problems. (See map on rainfall) The southern states have hot summers and cool winters, when frost may occur. The currency used on Brazil is the Real. 1 real = 100 centavos. The average wage per person per year is about ,570. The following evidence I have gathered describes how Brazil may have become a developed country. Economy Brazil has one of the worlds major economies and is now the ninth wealthiest country in the world. Economic reforms in the 1990s have bought some stability to the countrys finances. Reforms have included privatisation and the opening up of its markets. During the 1960s and 1970s, GDP expanded by an average of 11% a year. At this time the country enjoyed massive industrial growth, but then the Boom and Bust pattern hit and Brazil went bust! It became the worlds greatest debtor. The economy underwent major diversification and industrialisation, and today Brazil is a significant producer of cars and computers. In fact, Brazils car industry is acclaimed as being the success of the decade. Economic reform, initiated in 1990, enabled Brazil to reschedule its debts, but a steep recession followed in 1990-1992. The launching of the new currency, the re, in 1994 was the fifth attempt at monetary stabilisation since 1986. It contributed to the dramatic reduction of inflation from around 50% a month in 1994 to around 80% a year in 1995 and less than 20% a year in 1996. Economic growth of 5.7% in 1994 was the highest since 1986. This boosted regional confidence and facilitated the launch of MERCOSUR, the common market with neighbouring Argentina, Paraguay and Uruguay. In 1995, a fractious Congress blocked constitutional reforms of the tax and social security system, but finally agreed to end state monopolies in such sectors as telecommunications and oil, thereby reviving the governments privatisation programme. Rio de Janeiro is a major city on the East Coast, and although not the biggest, was once the capital city of Brazil. It was the area where the earlier Portuguese settlers (who have always claimed that they discovered it) landed and immediately began cultivating the rich soil. At this stage, it was all tropical forest in the area, but over many centuries it has been cleared and it is now Brazils political and economic heartland. Many people enjoy the white sandy beaches of Copacabana, which is overlooked by Sugarloaf Mountain. Many centuries of colonisation, conflict and slavery, and massive immigration from Europe have left Brazil a Country full of many different races and cultures. Lying mid-way between Salvador in the North and Porto Alegre in the South, and occupying only 7.7 per cent of Brazils total area, Rio De Janeiro supports over 30 per cent of its population. The annual carnival in Rio takes place over fives days where parades, balls, street dancing and samba and bossa nova music fill the streets. Brazil is also revered for its football prowess, having won the world cup 5 times. Vast sugar cane plantations mean that alcohol production is huge, and when oil became scarce and expensive in the early 1970s it caused many to use industrial alcohol as a fuel for the vehicles they then began building. Politics Brazil is a democratic federal republic with 26 regional parliaments and a national congress. Brazil became independent of Portugal in 1822 giving the country the opportunity to develop to its best potential, and current borders were established. Women in Brazil have had the vote since 1934 and in 1993, Brazilians voted to retain directly elected presidents. In 1997 the constitution was changed to allow a president to run for re-election. Reformists want provisions to curb tax evasion, and were successful in 1995 in ending state monopolies and allowing foreign investment in telecommunications, oil, mining and shipping. Many also want to see changes in the electoral system in order to curb the increasing involvement of small parties in government. In October 2002, Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva, popularly known as Lula, won the elections and became president. A former shoeshine boy he will head Brazils first left-wing government for more than 40 years. At his inauguration in January 2003, Lula promised to make major political and economical reforms and pledged to eradicate hunger. He also pledged to tackle corruption and Brazils economic woes, improve education and create 10 million jobs. He plans to rid Brazil of its reputation for the biggest gap between rich and poor in the world. He did warn that this might take him longer than his initial 4-year term. Plans to develop nuclear weapons have now been abandoned by the military. Industry Local industry is well developed, making Brazil dominant in the region. Major industries include, Agriculture, Mining, Iron and Steel, Motor vehicles, Oil and Mineral refining, Chemicals, Wood pulp and paper, Machinery, Food processing, Consumer goods, Textiles, Rubber processing and Fertilisers. Brazil is one of the worlds most important steel producers, and it has large deposits of gold, silver and iron. Agriculture and Products Brazil has a huge, successful agricultural base and produces the worlds largest quantities of coffee and Soya beans. It also has immense natural resources. It also produces Cereals, Cassava, Sugar, Oranges, Cocoa, Rice, Cotton, Tobacco, Bananas, Rubber, Timber, Iron ore, Bauxite, Manganese, Crude oil and Natural Gas, Coal, Chromium, Nickel, Tin, Zinc, Gold, Silver, Diamonds, Phosphates, Salt, Quartz crystal, Beryllium, Graphite, Titanium, Tungsten and Asbestos. Exports Total products exported are valued at $58.2 billion. Brazil has previously built its wealth on the exports of coffee, but more recently on sugar exportation and that of its other many natural resources. Brazil is now one of the largest sugar and orange juice exporters. Other products exported are Sugar, Machinery, Animal feed stuffs, Coffee, Cocoa, Iron ore, Motor vehicles, Soya beans and oil, Oranges, Iron and Steel, Chemicals and non-ferrous metals. Resources Under the military, Brazil commissioned several power stations from former West Germany. Energy from these has been more expensive than expected, but the construction of the Angra-2 nuclear station was approved in 1996. Hydropower has been more successful, accounting for 90% of electricity generation. An agreement to build a 2,200km (1,370 miles) pipeline from the Bolivian gas fields to Brazils industrial south was signed in 1996 and put out to private tender. Ethanol is being made from sugar in an attempt to reduce petrol imports. Within the agricultural sector, Brazil is the worlds largest producer of coffee and the third largest producer of maize (corn). The total amount of electricity generated is 251bn kW/h. of this 93% is generated by hydroelectric power and 6% is thermal. The total electricity capacity is 56.21 million kW. In the South, the forces of the Paran and Paraguay Rivers have been harnessed to form the worlds largest hydroelectric project, the Itaip Dam. Regional divide Brazil can be divided into 5 regions (see regional map) North, Northeast, Centre West, Southeast and South. The North has several resource sites, from which the following materials are mined: Gold Bauxite Lead Copper Tin Iron Nickel Diamonds Common Salt (Sodium Chloride) Oil But the north does not have any industries. This is because of the enormous Amazon Rainforest and the inability to build upon it. In the Centre West, there is a similar amount of resources, which also includes zinc, limestone and quartz. As in the North, the Centre West does not have any main industries. Down in the South there are not as many resources as in the North and Centre West, but there are many industries. Moving back up into the South East there are many resources such as Iron, Nickel, Oil, Gold, Quartz etc. and also quite a few industries which include Textiles/Clothing, Iron and Steel sites and a shipbuilding site. Finally, in the Northeast of Brazil there are many resource sites and industrial sites. These include Bauxite, limestone, sea salt and oil refineries, mechanical engineering and textiles and clothing. Communications A vast road network is being built to link the main centres of Brazil, and five river systems are being harnessed for a total of 8,000km (5,000 miles) of waterways. The antiquated railways are increasingly unreliable. S Paulos metro is being extended to cope with the citys rapidly expanding population. Media Brazil is the largest exporter of TV programmes. South Americas biggest media market is home to thousands of radio stations and hundreds of T.V channels. The constitution guarantees a free press and vigorous media debate about controversial political and social matters is common. Media ownership is highly concentrated. Globo and Abril dominate the market and have interests in T.V and radio networks newspapers and pay T.V operations. Education Education follows the French system with a bachillerato (baccalaur) at the end of secondary schooling Society Brazil has targeted eco-tourism as a major growth area. The government is encouraging foreign investment in tourist facilities in Amazonia. Health There is a free health service available. This chapter includes evidence to suggest that Brazil may not yet be a developed country, but may still be developing. Politics The reduction of the fiscal deficit is a key objective. The government aims to dramatically reduce overstaffing at all levels of government, reduce social security payments and address the problem of the high real level of interest rates. The 1988 constitution, detailing promises for a better future, has proved to be unworkable in practice. The state cannot afford its social security, health and pension commitments. The proliferation of local governments, designed to check federal power, has led to a duplication of functions and is very expensive. Former President Collor de Mellos 1992 impeachment for fraud underlines the depth of the problem of corruption in Brazil. Many are now demanding an end to parliamentary immunity: under the current system, elected officials cannot be prosecuted unless they have been suspended from office by a two-thirds vote. The military, in power between 1964 and 1985, was responsible for human rights abuses, particularly against Amazon Indians. Its economic mismanagement left Brazil with a legacy of huge debts and inefficient state industries. Regional Wealth The government is facing increasing pressure to redress what some say is one of the worlds most unfair distributions of wealth. Much of the countrys arable land is controlled by a handful of wealthy families, a situation which the Movement of Landless Rural Workers (MST) seeks to redress by demanding land redistribution. It uses direct protest action and land occupation in its quest. Society Social conditions are harsh in the big cities of Rio de Janeiro and S Paulo, where a third of the population lives in favelas or slums. In the 1970s a major drive was initiated to move settlers to the Amazon region. This caused considerable damage to vast areas of the rainforest. The high rate of destruction of the Amazon by loggers and cattle ranchers remains controversial today. However, these government sponsored migration programmes have now been halted. Many people work in fields for little pay, while a few rich landowners benefit from the huge profits. The ownership of consumer goods is not high. Out of 1,000 people: 278 own a T.V, 83 own a VCR, 13 own a PC. A lack of money, health and education forces over 500,000 girls into prostitution. Many street children are murdered by vigilante groups, who believe they are cleaning the streets. 90% of these murders go unpunished. Amerindians suffer prejudice from most other peoples in Brazil. Since 1900, 87 Amerindian groups have become extinct as a result of disease, starvation or the forceful taking of their land by miners, settlers and loggers. The Amerindian population today is estimated at just 220,000. Migrants from the poor Northeast suffer considerable discrimination in Brazils larger cities. Health Brazils Aids programme has become a model for other developing countries, having succeeded in stabilising the rate of HIV infection and cutting the number of Aids-related deaths. However, it is a controversial programme since it involves bypassing the big drugs firms to produce generic copycat Aids medicines. There may be as many as 2,000 street children who are HIV positive. The major causes of death are Heart diseases, Cancers, Accidents and Violence. There are 681 patients per doctor. Only 2.8% of the GNP (Gross National Produce) is spent of health. The public health system is limited. Less than 20% of hospitals are state-run and private care is very expensive. The World Bank has criticised the under-financing of preventive health care. On average, only 15% of the health budget is allocated to child health, immunisation and other preventive programmes. Reported malaria cases tripled between 1980 and 1990; 90% are in Amazonia, mainly in settler towns. Leprosy and parasitic skin infections are also becoming more common, again often affecting settlers. Unfortunately, the building of the Itaip Dam caused the lake it created to drown a set of waterfalls and this created a breeding ground for malaria-carrying mosquitoes. The forest contains many plants that provide the basis for many valuable products, the most important ones being those for medicines. The bark of chinchona supplies the quinine to treat malaria, for example. Other plants supply substances used in the fight against cancer. Brazil nuts too are of-course famous all over the world. The constant stripping and attacking of these natural resources is doing much harm. Economy Brazil has a history of boom and bust, with its attempts at development hampered in the past by high inflation and one of the biggest foreign debts. It has had to be bailed out in times of crisis. The total value of Brazils debt is a staggering $250bn! () Chaotic finances of the states threatens national economic stability. Foreign investment is deterred by corruption, the fragility of economic reforms and preferences given to national companies in the sale of state companies. Congressional opposition delays urgent tax and social security reforms and privatisations. Savings and investment rates are about half those of leading East Asian competitors. Despite enormous natural and economic resources, Brazil still has 32 million of its people living below the poverty line, and has not begun to tackle the problem of homelessness and street children in Rio, S Paulo and other large cities. An estimated one to five million families remain landless, while nearly 80% of farmland is owned by 10% of farmers. Brazils large wealth disparities have been growing during the last decade. Relatively low levels of unemployment conceal large-scale underemployment, and the UN classifies over 50% of the population as suffering poverty. The large numbers of poor rural migrants who move to the cities live in the favelas, or shantytowns. Favelas are now also appearing in the countryside. The wealthy like to drive European cars, holiday in Paris or ski in Switzerland, where most of them keep their money to avoid scrutiny and interference in their accounts by the government. Brazil experienced an energy crisis in 2001. It is a country very dependent on water to fire its hydro-electric power stations, so when they had droughts so bad that the reservoirs were drained dry, they had a major catastrophe on their hands. At that time, hydroelectric plants and reservoirs produced over 90% of the countrys electricity supply, and the dry weather and insecure infrastructure issues caused major shortages. In 2002, they introduced some energy rationing, even declaring public holidays in an attempt to keep the demand for power by the large industries down. This in turn has led to a more immediate need for an alternative fuel source, and to not keep all ones eggs in one basket so to speak. They are currently importing oil from Venezuela and Argentina. Many large foreign firms have placed serious bids for the rights to drill and excavate for oil in the rich off-shire reserves 6,560 feet below the waters surface off Brazils Atlantic Coast. BP Amoco, for example, won a bi d for an area located 186 miles from the mouth of the Amazon River. A second, third and fourth round of bids was even more successful, with large investments being made in Brazils oil reserves. Aid Brazils main aid donors are the USA and the EU. The World Bank provided $2 billion in 1996 for environmental, basic sanitation, road building and anti-poverty projects. As well as official aid, much comes from NGOs, (non-Governmental Organisations) mainly for environmental and housing projects. Education Not all children in Brazil are registered. Of those that are; 90% receive Primary education, 19% receive Secondary education and only 12% receive Tertiary education. The adult literacy rate is 84.9% of all registered people compared with 99% in the UK. State schools enjoyed a good reputation until the 1950s, but have declined since then. Most middle-class parents now send their children to private schools. The wealthy send theirs to Switzerland or France. Millions of the poor receive little education especially those living in the Northeast and Amazonia, and the urban poor. Brazils three million street children have no schooling at all. Public degree courses work on credits, as in the USA. Of Brazils 95 universities, 55 are administered by the state. Sao Paulo University is the most prestigious. Communications In Brazil, only 49 out of 1,000 people own a car and only 75 out of 1,000 people own telephones. Media Although there is now no official censorship, TV and radio operating licences are awarded as political favours, and state advertising is so extensive that it cannot fail to influence editorial policy. Media ownership is also highly concentrated, 3 main companies own 293 daily newspapers. There are 19 state owned TV stations and 218 independent stations. There 2000 independent radio stations, but only 1 state owned. Environment Federal agencies charged with protecting the Amazon are insufficiently funded, understaffed and accused of corruption. The Amazon rainforest contains an estimated 90% of the entire worlds plants and animals and is the most complex ecosystem known. However, the demands of agriculture are leading to its destruction at a rate of 4 square km (1.5 square miles) per hour, or 35,000 square km (13,510 square miles) per year. As a result of such massive clearances, usually for conversion to cattle pasture, vital genetic diversity is being lost. Brazil faces other environmental problems. Opencast bauxite mining is polluting rivers and threatening the livelihoods of indigenous Amerindians. In the cities, widespread industrial pollution and untreated sewage are major problems. Crime The total population in Prison is 87,053. There is no death penalty. There are 2 murders and 3 rapes per 100,000 people. Urban life in Brazil can be violent. The incidence of armed robbery and drugs-related crime is rising. Human rights abuses by the police are frequently reported. Death squads, uncontrolled by the government, target street children in particular, especially in Rio, S Paulo and Recife. Since 1985, the rate of street child murders has been rising. However, international condemnation of the crimes has led to action in some areas. In the countryside, violent land disputes are common. Landless workers are repeatedly displaced and indigenous peoples driven from land to which the government has, in theory, guaranteed their rights. Tourism Brazils border with Argentina and Paraguay, boasts a natural wonder of the world, the massive Iguazu Falls. This is a remarkable sight much bigger than the Victoria Falls in Africa or North Americas Niagara Falls. Yet, the rest of the world barely knows of its existence. If marketed correctly, this could be a major tourist attraction. Brazil needs to extend this tourist resource and do more with it. Its 2,000 km (1,240 miles) of Atlantic beaches, the folklore and music of the north-east coast, and the annual Mardi Gras carnival in Rio de Janeiro are Brazils major attractions. However, the increasingly affluent and international audience now controls the carnival. The largely Afro-Brazilian residents of Rios favelas, or shanty towns, can often no longer afford to take part in the parades that originate in their culture. However, Brazilians show little interest in Eco-tourism, preferring to visit Amazonia for the duty-free shopping zone in Manaus. Brazil is still a relatively cheap destination for European and American tourists. Despite this, visitor numbers are declining, falling from 0.5% to 0.1% of the world market since 1970. Many visitors have been put off by the negative publicity generated by the conditions in the shantytowns and by Brazils past human rights record. Housing shortages in Brazil mean that about 25 million people live in sprawling shantytowns, called favelas that surround the cities. Most of the homes are built by the families themselves, sometimes from waste materials but more often from wood, bricks and cement bought from builders merchants. For the population who live in the favelas, 70% have no running water, 60% have no toilets or drains and 52% have no waste collection. Conclusion On analysing the evidence found, I have drawn the following conclusions. I think that Brazil is still a developing country despite its enormous agricultural/resource exports and its current attempts to repay its immense $250bn debt. There is such a massive divide between the rich and the poor, with the poor being in the majority that no developed country would have allowed this to remain for such a long time. A developed country would not have accrued such a high debt and would have used its natural resources to its advantage. There needs to be an equal distribution of the countrys wealth. I feel that in order to address some of Brazils problems, there needs to be a major re-allocation of land so that the very poor have a fighting chance of earning a decent living from working the land and selling the produce. There needs to be a massive campaign to re-educate the whole population of Brazil, which should address the need world-wide to stop destroying the rainforest, and all its natural plants. I think Brazil is no where near being a completely developed country. I believe that its only just started developing.

Autism Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Autism - Research Paper Example The trend has also caused increased autistic cases since the last century. The book also dwells on understanding the causing factors and symptoms of the disease. However, the author does not provide a particular causing factor. This is based on that numerous factors have been cited to be responsible for the disease. For instance, genetic inheritance, exposure to birth complications, childhood vaccinations and exposure to metals can be cited as causing factors. The book also cited numerous symptoms that are associated with autism. The main focus is, however, done on the repetitive nature of autistic people. In addition, other symptoms are associated with neurological disorders. As a child develops, numerous health challenges are experienced before they reach full development. The development of a child should require their participation in social activities. In addition, the ability of a child to use their physical abilities should also be monitored. Malfunctions of these activities may depict a weaknesses or suffering from an illness. Volkmar (2007) is of the assumption that the health of a child is determined by their ability of fit their environment without many complications. Medical complications may be evidence of an existing illness of health complication. For instance, autism affects children below three years. Autism distorts the ability of the child to socialize effectively as well as take part in physical activities. Volkmar (2007) defines autism as a neurodevelopment disorder depicted by poor social interaction behavior, nonverbal and verbal communication. This medical illness makes it impossible for a child to fit in their environment. Volkmar (2007) points out that, autism has been existence for years but no certain cure has been created to curb the illness or ensure recovery of children affected. Autism is depicted by numerous characteristics and causing factors. The causing

The Emerging Role of Nurses in the Patient Protection and Affordable Research Paper

The Emerging Role of Nurses in the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act - Research Paper Example One of the things that stood out to me the most about the condition of this clinic was their need for medical staff. The free clinic was within two miles of three major hospital systems, and sat in the literal shadows of one of these systems in the late afternoon; yet with all of these highly skilled and highly trained medical personnel in the surrounding area, the free clinic still lacked for providers. This shocked me. Yet despite my confusion, one of the providers at the free clinic explained to me that the shortage of practitioners, particularly nurses, was felt at the large clinics surrounding our free clinic as much as at the free clinic, and as I later found out, could be found in areas as diverse as primary care nursing and oncology nursing (Bishop, 2010). I quickly realized this was an effect of the current ‘sick care’ system. ... To overcome this problem, I realized that a supply and demand solution would be required to move our current system from a sick care system to a health care system. In a 2011 interview in the New England Journal of Medicine, Secretary of Health and Human Services Kathleen Sebelius echoes this idea by saying, â€Å"I believe that refocusing health interventions at an earlier stage, placing more focus on health and wellness strategies, would help reduce demand and promote population health.† (Iglehart, 2011) In this quote, Sebelius shows the supply and demand solution necessary to convert the sick care system to a health care system. By emphasizing health and wellness strategies at earlier stages, Sebelius is hypothesizing that, while a greater investment may be required up front, these efforts will eventually keep people healthier in the long term, and will create a true health care system: one in which the goal of providers is to keep patients healthy and prevent sickness, not just treat the sickness as it occurs. She further explains this idea and how it could help the provider shortage I witnessed by saying, â€Å"Unfortunately, the shortage of [providers] has been ignored for a decade or more, along with the fact that doctors whose practices are devoted to primary care are under paid compared with specialists. So starting with the stimulus law and continuing in the ACA, there has been a significant focus on expanding the pipeline of primary care practitioners, gerontologists, and general surgeons†¦ We have also put more money into nurse training and education†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Iglehart, 2011) Clearly, the new health care law has the vision to transform the sick care system into a

Examining the American Culture Essay -- Papers

Examining the American Culture In order to understand this immense country that we call America, we need to study the culture. More specifically, we need to study the form of society in America. Is this society changing, or does it remain fixed throughout time? There are many aspects of our society, some of which are: traditions, values, and religion. The many realms of society contribute to a conglomerate culture, which cannot be described simply. The American culture is diverse and constantly evolving due to many various aspects of society, including, but not limited to, religion. It cannot be said that there is one American culture because there is no national language in America. Also, the lack of a single culture is displayed by the strong need for political correctness in America. Finally, it is evident that the culture in America has changed through the years due to changes in American religion. Since language is an essential part of culture, and America has no national language, then America is not tied together with one culture. There are reasons why the U.S. Government has not declared an official language. The most important being that an official language of English would promote xenophobia, making the English speaking afraid of new immigrants or vice versa. It would also deprive the American citizens who do not speak English of some of their basic rights. For example, how could someone vote, or take a driving test, if they do not know the language. On the other hand, immigrants would benefit if they were forced to learn a national language in America. They would be able to receive a better education, find a better job, and participate more completely in society (Gallegos, 1994). The fact that h... ...chings have also been a strong influence on our ignorant society, especially on those who haven’t taken the time to research the doctrines of various religions. Because of the diversity in America, there is no prevalent culture, nor does the culture of tomorrow replicate the culture of yesterday. Bibliography: BIBLIOGRAPHY Gallegos, Bee. (Ed.). (1994). English: Our official Language. New York: The H. W. Wilson Company. Heston, Charlton. (1999). Winning the Culture War, [Online]. Available: http://www.mere-christianity.org [1999, July 5]. Wolfe, Alan. (Ed.). (1991). America At Century’s End. Los Angeles: University of California Press. Author Unnamed. (1999). Roman Catholicism: Christian or Pagan, [Online]. Available: http://www.personal.s1.umich.edu [1999, July 7]. Wickham, R. (1999). Lecture Notes. R/ST 302I. [1999, June 24, July 7].

Insight: the Death of Ivan Ilych Essay

I’m young and filled with dreams. Dreams that sometimes obscure the truths I have to face. Dreams that are like morphine that departs us from reality. But what’s really ironic with most of our dreams is that it’s not from us but from the society, the society dictates our dreams, what the society thinks is best for us is the thing we dream to be even if sometimes it does not correspond our beliefs and values, at least, for me. I am a victim of this notorious dictator worse than any dictator who have altered the course of the world. I realized that most of my dreams are not my dreams but the society’s. I see myself in the character of the young Ivan Ilych who is filled with dreams, complacent, and seems to be sure of the future. Together with my dreams is a deep and blind veneration to people who have made great achievements in the field I’m trying to pursue. Society, dreams, and influential people, these are things that sometimes keep us from realizi ng and seeing the truths in life or maybe we know them, but just deny them to tolerate our blind dreaming and living. Dreaming is part of living but living shouldn’t be boxed by this dreaming. When was the last time we or I paused to think, introspect, and contemplate about the things happening in our life, about the paths we are taking, and the decisions we are making. I like how Socrates puts it â€Å"An unexamined life is life not worth living†, truth is we know where to go and we know what we do but more often than not we don’t know why, especially to us, the youth. Most of us live according to what the society or the public tells us even if it’s not what we know we ought to do, I like how an anonymous guy puts it â€Å"We never grow up, we just learn how to act in public†, I believe it is because most of us lacks purpose in life or maybe we have but it is a very mundane one. Indeed, most of us are entangled with the vines of society with venoms that turns us to heartless machines and eventually kills us leaving us with regrets and extreme unhappiness, this is very evident in the life of Ivan Ilych who lived a life with almost nothing but hypocrisy trying to build a strong position in the society through accumulating more wealth, blindly enjoying his luxuries in life and yet he never experienced true love and happiness. I have heard the saying â€Å"life is short† countless of times but until now I still fail to imbibe this gospel truth. Death is an inevitable thing here on earth, all good things even the bad must come to an end but we fail to realize this because of all the worldly things that keeps us busy and departed from what is real, true, and important. Dreams are good but a dream in consonance with reality, with your belief and values, with what our conscience dictates to be good, and what love tells us to pursue is the best dream that would lead us to a life beyond what we have dreamed of. One truth is that we just don’t have enough time to actualize all of our dreams but I believe it is still important that we dream for it is the thing that keeps us moving and when the time comes where the truth of death is almost sinking in in our consciousness, when we see that soon this life is about to end, we of course do not want to end up like Ivan Ilych who just realized how wasted his life has been, we do not want to see people around us being indifferent about our imminent death especially our family, and we do not want of course that at the time where we’re already withering due to our illness or due to aging and we now don’t have even an iota of energy to say â€Å"sorry† or â€Å"I love you†. Will we wait till we’re lying at our death beds and we can’t do anything now to make this life a little better before we decide to pause and introspect and contemplate how we are living? Let us ask ourselves, if I die now, are the things happening are really the things that would leave me content and happy? Now, if not let’s have the courage to pay off all the sacrifices and the hard work in order to rearrange and make this life we are living better. Let’s be in-charge of our lives and keep the dictations of the society out of our minds. Life is short, let us love and live OUR dream.

Analysis on the Growth of Bureaucracy in the United States Essay

There are two main limitations on the growth of bureaucracy. The first is management attitudes and philosophy and the second the pressure of rapid change. These help to explain why even large organizations differ in the extent of their bureaucracy. Numerous debates has commenced in the light of defining the adept political situation of the country. There had been multifarious deliberations as to whether the system of government of the U. S. is formidably working or on what extent has it developed for that instance. Demands for equality of treatment have been one of the reasons for the growth of bureaucracy (Miroff, Seidelman and Swanstrom). The strength of the demand is influenced by the ideology prevailing at that time and place. It is less strong in United States than it was before tackling on the political stability and in the economic landscape as well. Citizens want equality of treatment from the civil service, and questions in the House try to ensure that they get it, thereby putting pressure on civil servants to administer strictly in accordance with the rules, so that no questions will be asked. Employees, through their union, strive for the acceptance of rules to ensure that management cannot discriminate between individuals at its own discretion (Carter). Further, when fairness is identified with equality of treatment, variations in the conditions of work within one large organization are likely to be challenged as unfair. If rules and procedures that are demonstrably fair by this standard are to be devised, little or no allowance can be made for local difficulties and preferences. The increasing realization of the limitations imposed by equality of treatment has led to the idea of a menu of the contents of a reward package from which employees can make choices to suit their own needs and interests. The system of government develops in accordance to the â€Å"situation† of the country, hence, the United States, has strictly followed a structure which adheres to the customs, the internal and external rationales, the cultures which in point of fact reside in the country, and the extent of need. Consequently, bureaucracy in the U. S. has developed because it is more efficient than other forms of organization. It makes for rational and continuing administration. The increasing size and complexity of organizations encourage the growth of bureaucracy. So does the demand for equality of treatment. Rapid change limits the growth of bureaucracy because a more flexible organization is needed to adapt to it, hence some argue that bureaucracy is out of date.

Karl Doenitz - Bio of World War II German Naval Commander

Karl Doenitz - Bio of World War II German Naval Commander The son of Emil and Anna Doenitz, Karl Doenitz was born at Berlin on September 16, 1891. Following his education, he enlisted as a sea cadet in the Kaiserliche Marine (Imperial German Navy) April 4, 1910, and was promoted to midshipman a year later. A gifted officer, he completed his exams and was commissioned as an acting second lieutenant on September 23, 1913. Assigned to the light cruiser SMS Breslau, Doenitz saw service in the Mediterranean in the years prior to World War I. The ships assignment was due to Germanys desire to have a presence in the region following the Balkan Wars. World War I With the commencement of hostilities in August 1914, Breslau and the battlecruiser SMS Goeben were ordered to attack Allied shipping. Prevented from doing so by French and British warships, the German vessels, under the command of Rear Admiral Wilhelm Anton Souchon, bombarded the French Algerian ports of Bà ´ne and Philippeville before turning for Messina to re-coal. Departing port, the German ships were chased across the Mediterranean by Allied forces. Entering the Dardanelles on August 10, both ships were transferred to the Ottoman Navy, however their German crews remained aboard. Over the next two years, Doenitz served aboard as the cruiser, now know as  Midilli, operated against the Russians in the Black Sea. Promoted to first lieutenant in March 1916, he was placed in command of an airfield at the Dardanelles. Bored in this assignment, he requested a transfer to the submarine service which was granted that October. U-boats Assigned as a watch officer aboard U-39, Doenitz learned his new trade before receiving command of UC-25 in February 1918. That September, Doenitz returned to the Mediterranean as commander of UB-68. A month into his new command, Doenitzs u-boat suffered mechanical issues and was attacked and sunk by British warships near Malta. Escaping, he was rescued and became a prisoner for the wars final months. Taken to Britain, Doenitz was held in a camp near Sheffield. Repatriated in July 1919, he returned to Germany the following year and sought to resume his naval career. Entering the Weimar Republics navy, he was made a lieutenant on January 21, 1921. Interwar Years Shifting to torpedo boats, Doenitz progressed through the ranks and was promoted to lieutenant commander in 1928. Made a commander five years later, Doenitz was placed in command of the cruiser Emden. A training ship for naval cadets, Emden conducted annual world cruises. Following the re-introduction of u-boats to the German fleet, Doenitz was promoted to captain and given command of the 1st U-boat Flotilla in September 1935 which consisted of U-7, U-8, and U-9. Though initially concerned about the capabilities of early British sonar systems, such as ASDIC, Doenitz became a leading advocate for submarine warfare. New Strategies and Tactics In 1937, Doenitz began to resist the naval thinking of the time which was based on the fleet theories of American theorist Alfred Thayer Mahan. Rather than employ submarines in support of the battle fleet, he advocated for using them in a purely commerce raiding role. As such, Doenitz lobbied to convert the entire German fleet to submarines as he believed that a campaign dedicated to sinking merchant ships could quickly knock Britain out of any future wars. Re-introducing the group hunting, wolf pack tactics of World War I as well as calling for night, surface attacks on convoys, Doenitz believed that advances in radio and cryptography would make these methods more effective than in the past. He relentlessly trained his crews knowing that u-boats would be Germanys principal naval weapon in any future conflict. His views frequently brought him into conflict with other German naval leaders, such as Admiral Erich Raeder, who believed in the expansion of the Kriegsmarines surface fleet. World War II Begins Promoted to commodore and given command of all German u-boats on January 28, 1939, Doenitz began to prepare for war as tensions with Britain and France increased. With the outbreak of World War II that September, Doenitz possessed only 57 u-boats, only 22 of which were modern Type VIIs. Prevented from fully launching his commerce raiding campaign by Raeder and Hitler, who desired attacks against the Royal Navy, Doenitz was forced to comply. While his submarines scored successes in sinking the carrier HMS Courageous and the battleships HMS Royal Oak and HMS Barham, as well as damaging the battleship HMS Nelson, losses were incurred as naval targets were more heavily defended. These further reduced his already small fleet. Battle of the Atlantic Promoted to rear admiral on October 1, his u-boats continued attacks on British naval and merchant targets. Made a vice admiral in September 1940, Doenitzs fleet began to expand with the arrival of larger numbers of Type VIIs. Focusing his efforts against merchant traffic, his u-boats began to damage the British economy. Coordinating u-boats by radio using encoded messages, Doenitzs crews sank increasing amounts of Allied tonnage. With the entry of the United States into the war in December 1941, he commenced Operation Drumbeat which targeted Allied shipping off the East Coast. Beginning with only nine u-boats, the operation scored several successes and exposed the US Navys unpreparedness for anti-submarine warfare. Through 1942, as more u-boats joined the fleet, Doenitz was able to fully implement his wolf pack tactics by directing groups of submarines against Allied convoys. Inflicting heavy casualties, the attacks caused a crisis for the Allies. As British and American technology improved in 1943, they began to have more success in combating Doenitzs u-boats. As a result, he continued to press for new submarine technology and more advanced u-boat designs. Grand Admiral Promoted to grand admiral on January 30, 1943, Doenitz replaced Raeder as command-in-chief of the Kriegsmarine. With limited surface units remaining, he relied on them as a fleet in being to distract the Allies while focusing on submarine warfare. During his tenure, German designers produced some of the most advanced submarine designs of the war including the Type XXI. Despite spurts of success, as the war progressed, Doenitzs u-boats were slowly driven from the Atlantic as the Allies utilized sonar and other technology, as well as Ultra radio intercepts, to hunt down and sink them. Leader of Germany With the Soviets nearing Berlin, Hitler committed suicide on April 30, 1945. In his will he ordered that Doenitz replace him as the leader of Germany with the title of president. A surprise choice, it is thought that Doenitz was selected as Hitler believed that the only the navy had remained loyal to him. Though Joseph Goebbels was designated to be his chancellor, he committed suicide the next day. On May 1, Doenitz selected Count Ludwig Schwerin von Krosigk as chancellor and attempted to form a government. Headquartered at Flensburg, near the Danish border, Doenitzs government worked to ensure the loyalty of the army and encouraged German troops to surrender to the Americans and British rather than the Soviets. Authorizing German forces in northwestern Europe to surrender on May 4, Doenitz instructed Colonel General Alfred Jodl to sign the instrument of unconditional surrender on May 7. Not recognized by the Allies, his government ceased to rule after the surrender and was captured at Flensburg on May 23. Arrested, Doenitz was seen to be a strong supporter of Nazism and Hitler. As a result he was indicted as a major war criminal and was tried at Nuremberg. Final Years There Doenitz was accused of war crimes and crimes against humanity, largely relating to the use of unrestricted submarine warfare and issuing orders to ignore survivors in the water. Found guilty on charges of planning and waging a war of aggression and crimes against the laws of war, he was spared the death sentence as American Admiral Chester W. Nimitz provided an affidavit in support of unrestricted submarine warfare (which had been used against the Japanese in the Pacific) and due to the British use of a similar policy in the  Skagerrak. As a result, Doenitz was sentenced to ten years in prison. Incarcerated at Spandau Prison, he was released on October 1, 1956. Retiring to Aumà ¼hle in northern West Germany, he focused on writing his memoirs in entitled Ten Years and Twenty Days. He remained in retirement until his death on December 24, 1980.

Plc Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Plc - Assignment Example To be able to work, the PLC first monitors different conditions. Basing on these conditions, an outcome is determined. The next step of PLC operation is the creation of logical rules by use of programmable software which allows for adaptability. The final is decision-making depending on logical rules. Decisions are determined by logical rules that the PLC is taught by way of its programming software. 3. The PLC functions by observing the interaction of four internal areas. The four internal areas of the PLC are the Central Processing Unit, CPU, the memory, the communication ports, and the Input/Output devices (AutomationDirect.com, 2010). 4. The CPU is the place where decision-making in the PLC takes place. It also has a memory, where the CPU stores the user’s control programme, the Input/Output (I/O) status, and data. Communication ports make up the third internal area, and these allow for the user’s programme to be loaded into the memory from a personal computer (PC). It also facilitates the communication with other external memories including other PLCs in order to exchange data. The fourth internal area is made up of Input/Output devices 5. Why were PLC’s were invented/developed - PLCs were initially developed to meet specifications that were developed by General Motor’s Hydra-matic division to replace relay-based machine control due to their use of latter logic programming. PLCs would, therefore, help to allow for quick changes and reduction in wiring, and troubleshooting time. This was a huge development from the older rely-based control systems. 8.What makes a PLC very versatile is the ability to programme and re-programme it. Re-programming makes it possible to change the outcome when, and if, the future conditions change, so as to meet the changing

Critical thinking Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Critical thinking - Essay Example This is because, all the three planets originated from tiny grains of dust, forming rocky pebbles. The fact that they developed from similar particles may point to the similarity of their mineral components, though their climate and atmosphere significantly defers. While beach sand, diamond, gold nuggets, water, fishbone, and emerald are minerals, wood and vitamin pills are not a mineral. The former are minerals because they are naturally formed chemical substances that have assumed atomic features. Wood is not a chemical substance but a composition of hard tissues, while vitamin pills not naturally formed. The approximated age of the rocks found in Delaware is 1.2 billion years (Thompson, 2008). This information is obtained through radioactive dating of rocks, as done by the Delaware Geological Survey. Paleocene, approximated to be 65.5 to 56 million years ago, had a cooler and remarkably dry climate. It is during this period that the continents continued their movement to their present positions. There were warm seas that surrounded the world and the modern plant species emerged. Animals started growing bigger during this period and they started occupying diverse niches. Dinosaurs got extinct, and mammals, birds, and reptiles flourished, whi le grass started to grow. Examples of rocks found during this period are the Mesozoic sedimentary